چوتھی صدی ہجری تک قدریہ کے خلاف بیان شدہ احادیث کا تاریخی-سیاسی پسِ منظر

The Historical-Political Background of the Hadiths Narrated against the Qadariyyah up to 4th Century

Abstract

Qadariyyah was an important intellectual-political movement that emerged in the first century AH, as a reaction against the authoritarian policies of the Umayyads. In fact, these policies aimed to consolidate and stabilize the foundations of Umayyad power. So, the Umayyad government took extensive and systematic measures to limit the influence of this movement.This research studies the socio-intellectual background of the Qadariyyah and the Umayyads, based on a historical-analytical approach and primary written sources. According to this study,

one of the aspect of this conflict lies under the influence upon Sunni tradition of hadith that was formed in the first four centuries of Islamic history. The research findings indicate that this ideological-political conflict is reflected in the narrative sources in three major areas:First: The political-religious area. This includes those traditions that portray a negative image of the influence of the Qadariyyah in society and encourage their eradication. Second: The cultural-social field. Here the Qadariyyah were introduced with a negative identity—for example, the title of “Zoroastrians of the Ummah"—which aims to isolate and marginalize them socially. Third: Theological-belief field. This includes various traditions in which Qadariyyah is characterized by attributes such as polytheism, disbelief, enmity towards God, heresy, and denial of divine predestination and destiny.

This study shows that the conflict between the Umayyads and the Qadariyyah was, in fact, a reflection of an ideological-political conflict between the Qadariyyah's judicial discourse and the government structure based on coercive thought. However, this political confrontation gradually transformed into a doctrinal conflict, as a result of which the hadith heritage was systematically used to reinforce the coercive ideology.